Python : les modules

import time

time.time() # 1649927737.9162598
time.sleep(3)

from datetime import date, time, datetime

## Constructeurs
date(year=2022, month=2, day=22)
time(hour=22, minute=22, second=22)
datetime(year=2022, month=2, day=22, hour=22, minute=22, second=22)

today = date.today()
now = datetime.now()

## Formatage et parsing
datetime.fromtimestamp(1645568542)
datetime.fromisoformat("2022-02-22T22:22:22")

datetime.strptime("22/02/2022 22:22:22", "%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S")
now.strftime("%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S") # '22/02/2022 22:22:22'

from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo

now_in_paris = datetime.now(tz=ZoneInfo("Europe/Paris"))
now_in_tokyo = now_in_paris.astimezone(ZoneInfo("Asia/Tokyo"))
now_in_tokyo.tzinfo() # 'Asia/Tokyo'

now_utc = now_in_paris.astimezone(ZoneInfo("UTC"))

from datetime import timedelta

now_in_10_days_minus_5_hours = now + timedelta(days=15, hours=-5)

import random

# Nombres aléatoires
random.uniform(0, 1) # tire un nombre décimal entre 0 et 1
random.randint(1, 10) # tire un nombre entre 1 et 10
random.randrange(10) # tire un nombre entre 0 et 9
random.randrange(1, 10, 2) # tire un nombre entre 1 et 9 avec un pas de 2

# Opérations aléatoires
couleurs = ["rouge", "vert", "bleu"]
random.choice(couleurs) # tire un objet dans une liste
random.choices(couleurs, 2) # tire un échantillon d'objets (tirage avec remise, avec ou sans pondération)
random.sample(couleurs, 2) # tire un échantillon d'objets (tirage sans remise)
random.shuffle(couleurs) # mélange une collection

from decimal import Decimal
from fractions import Fraction

0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 # 0.30000000000000004
Decimal("0.1") + Decimal("0.1") + Decimal("0.1") # Decimal('0.3')
Decimal('0.1') * 3 # Decimal('0.3')

Fraction(1, 3) + Fraction(1, 3) # Fraction(2, 3)
Fraction(1, 3) * 2 # Fraction(2, 3)

import re

# Recherche une correspondance au début de la chaîne
m = re.match(r".*", "Hello World")
print(m.group()) # 'Hello World'

m = re.match(r"(\w+)\s(\w+)", "Hello World !")
print(m.group(0)) # 'Hello World'
print(m.group(1)) # 'Hello'
print(m.group(2)) # 'World'
m.groups() # ('Hello', 'World')

m = re.match(r"(?P<mot1>\w+)\s(?P<mot2>\w+)", "Hello World !")
print(m.group("mot2")) # 'Hello'
print(m.group("mot2")) # 'World'
m.groupdict() # {'mot1': 'Hello', 'mot2': 'World'}

# Recherche une correspondance n'importe où dans la chaîne
m = re.search(r"\s", "Hello World")

# Recherche toutes les correspondances et retourne une liste
m = re.findall(r"\w", "Hello World") # ['Hello', 'World']

# Recherche toutes les correspondances et retourne un itérateur
m = re.finditer(r"\w", "Hello World") # iter(['Hello', 'World'])

# Remplace les correspondances
m = re.sub(r"\s", "_", "Hello World") # 'Hello_World'
m = re.sub(r"(\w) (\w)", r"\2 \1", "Hello World") # 'World Hello'

# Sépare la chaîne selon l'expression régulière
m = re.split(r" \| | - ", "item1 | item2 - item3 | item4")
m # ['item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4']

from pathlib import Path

Path.home() # répertoire utilisateur
Path.cwd() # répertoire courant

Path("./index.tar.gz").resolve() # Transforme un chemin relatif en chemin absolu
Path("~/index.tar.gz").expanduser() # Transforme un chemin avec répertoire utilisateur en chemin absolu

# Informations sur un chemin
p = Path("/home/user/index.tar.gz")
p.parent # PosixPath('/home/user')
p.name # 'index.tar.gz'
p.stem # 'index.tar'
p.suffix # '.gz'
p.suffixes # ['.tar', '.gz']
p.parts # ('/', 'home', 'user', 'index.tar.gz')
p.exists() # True
p.is_dir() # False
p.is_file() # True

# Concaténation de chemins
p.joinpath("dir", "main.py")
p / "dir" / "main.py"
(p / "dir" / "main.py").suffix

# Créer et supprimer des fichiers
p.touch() # créer un fichier
p.unlink() # supprimer un fichier
p.mkdir() # créer un répertoire (paramètres : exist_ok=True, parents=True)
p.mkdir(exist_ok=True) # créer un répertoire sans erreur s'il existe
p.mkdir(parents=True) # créer un répertoire et ses parents
p.rmdir() # supprimer un répertoire
shutil.rmtree(p) # supprimer un répertoire non vide
p.rename(p_dest) # renommer un fichier

# Lire et écrire dans un fichier
p.read_text()
p.write_text("Bonjour")

# Scanner un répertoire
p.iterdir() # liste des fichiers et répertoires
p.glob("*.png") # liste des fichiers avec un filtre
p.rglob("*.png") # liste des fichiers avec recherche récursive dans les sous-répertoires

[f for f in p.iterdir() if f.is_dir()]
[f for f in p.iterdir() if f.is_file()]
[f for f in p.glob("*.png")]

# Exemple de constantes d'un projet
SOURCE_FILE = Path(__file__).resolve()
SOURCE_DIR = SOURCE_FILE.parent
ROOT_DIR = SOURCE_DIR.parent
DATA_DIR = SOURCE_DIR / "data"

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
        filename="app.log",
        filemode="a",
        format="%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s")

logging.debug("message de débogage")
logging.info("message d'information")
logging.warn("message d'avertissement")
logging.error("message d'erreur")
logging.critical("message d'erreur critique")

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

# Lire la configuration
config.read("config.ini")
config["DEFAULT"].get("title", "My Title")

# Écrire la configuration
config["DEFAULT"]["title"] = "My New Title"
with open('config.ini', 'w') as file:
    config.write(file)

[DEFAULT]
title = My New Title

import tomllib

with open("pyproject.toml", "rb") as f:
    data = tomllib.load(f)

{'project': {
    'name': 'myproject',
    'version': 3,
    'beta': True,
    'release': datetime.date(2022, 6, 1),
    'peps': [657, 654, 678],
    'urls': {
        'home': 'https://example.com/',
        'source': 'https://example.com/'}}}

[project]
name = "myproject"
version = 3
beta = true
release = 2022-06-01
peps = [657, 654, 678]

[project.urls]
home = "https://example.com/"
source = "https://example.com/"

import csv
chemin = "/home/user/fichier.csv"

# Lecture du fichier
with open(chemin, "r") as f:
    reader = csv.DictReader(f)
    for row in reader:
        print(f"{row.["col1"]}, {row.["col2"]}, {row.["col3"]}")

# Écriture du fichier
with open(chemin, 'w') as f:
    writer = csv.DictWriter(f, ["col1", "col2", "col3"])
    writer.writeheader()
    writer.writerow({"col1": "a", "col2": "1", "col3": "100"})
    writer.writerow({"col1": "b", "col2": "2", "col3": "120"})

import json
chemin = "/home/user/fichier.json"

# Lecture du fichier
with open(chemin, "r") as f:
    data = json.load(f)

# Modification des données json
data.get("key")
data.["key"] = "value"
data.append("value")

# Écriture du fichier
with open(chemin, "w") as f:
    json.dump(data, f, indent=4)

import sqlite3

conn = sqlite3.connect("database.db")
c = conn.cursor()

# Création d'une table
c.execute("""
    create table if not exists USER(
        name text,
        age number
    )
""")

# Insertions
d = {"name": "John", "age": 25}
c.execute("insert into USER values(:name, :age)", d)

# Sélections
c.execute("select * from USER where name=:name", {"name": "John"})
user = c.fetchone()

c.execute("select * from USER where age<:age", {"age": 18})
users = c.fetchall()

# Mises à jour
d = {"name": "John", "age": 26}
c.execute("update USER set age=:age where name=:name", d)

# Suppressions
c.execute("delete from USER where name=:name", {"name": "John"})

conn.commit()

conn.close()

import webbrowser

webbrowser.open("https://www.python.org")

python -m webbrowser "https://www.python.org"

import arrow

# Constructeurs
arrow.get(1645568542) # timestamp
arrow.get(2022, 2, 22, 22, 22, 22) # numbers
arrow.get("2022-02-22T22:22:22") # iso parse
arrow.get("2022-02-22 22:22:22", "YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss") # parse
arrow.get("June was born in May 2020", "MMMM YYYY") # string search

utc = arrow.utcnow()
local = utc.to("Europe/Paris")
local = arrow.now()
local = arrow.now("Europe/Paris")

# Formatage
local.format() # '2022-02-22 22:22:22 +02:00'
local.format("YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss ZZ") # '2022-02-22 22:22:22 +02:00'
local.format(arrow.FORMAT_ATOM) # '2022-02-22 22:22:22+02:00'

# Humanize
local.humanize() # 'an hour ago'
local.humanize(locale='fr') # 'il y a une heure'
future.humanize(present, granularity=["hour", "minute"]) # 'in an hour and 6 minutes'

earlier = local.dehumanize("2 days ago")

# Opérations
utc.shift(hours=-1)
utc.span("hour") # 2022-02-22T00:00:00+00:00, 2022-02-22T23:59:59.999999+00:00
utc.floor("hour") # 2022-02-22T00:00:00+00:00
utc.ceil("hour") # 2022-02-22T23:59:59.999999+00:00

ruff check {source_file_or_directory}
ruff format {source_file_or_directory}

black {source_file_or_directory}
flake8 {source_file_or_directory}
isort {source_file_or_directory}

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 100

[tool.black]
line-length = 100

[flake8]
max-line-length = 100

cookiecutter https://github.com/cookiecutter/cookiecutter-django

import pytest
from module import add

def test_add_with_two_numbers():
    assert add(1, 2) == 3

def test_add_with_two_letters():
    assert add("a", "b") == "ab"

def test_add_with_two_none():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        add(None, None)

import pytest
from module import Counter

@pytest.fixture
def counter():
    return Counter(count=10)

def test_counter_inc(counter):
    counter.inc(1)
    assert counter.count == 11

def test_counter_dec(counter):
    counter.dec(1)
    assert counter.count == 9

def test_counter_dec():
    counter = Counter(count=10)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        counter.dec(11)

import pytest

def test_func(monkeypatch):
    monkeypatch.setattr(obj, name, value)
    monkeypatch.setitem(mapping, name, value)
    monkeypatch.setenv(name, value)
    assert ...

pytest tests
pytest tests -v --html=report.html
coverage run -m pytest tests
coverage report
coverage html

from faker import Faker

fake = Faker(locale="fr_FR")

# Exemples de providers
fake.name()
fake.first_name()
fake.last_name()
fake.phone_number()
fake.email()
fake.address()
fake.job()
fake.text()
fake.date()
fake.rgb_color()
fake.hex_color()
fake.image()
fake.json()
fake.csv()

# Ajout d'options
fake.file_path(depth=5, category="video")

# Génération d'éléments uniques
fake.unique.random_int()

# Génération d'éléments choisis parmi une collection
fake.random_element(elements=("a", "b", "c", "d"))

# Génération de chaînes avec des caractères numériques / alphanumériques selon un template
fake.numerify(text="%%%-#-%%%%-%%%%-%%%-##")
fake.bothify(text="Product number: ????-########")

import typer

app = typer.Typer()

def main(param: str, # Argument requis
        param: str = typer.Argument(..., help="Argument requis"),
        param: str = typer.Argument("txt", help="Argument avec valeur par défaut"),
        opt: bool = False, # Option avec valeur par défaut
        opt: bool = typer.Option(..., help="Option requise"),
        opt: bool = typer.Option(False, help="Option avec valeur par défaut"),
        ):
    """
    Description du programme.
    """

    # prompt et echo
    param = typer.prompt("Quelle est la valeur du paramètre param ?")
    typer.echo(f"Le paramètre param vaut {param}.")

    # confirm et abort
    if opt:
        typer.confirm("Voulez-vous effectuer l'action ?", abort=True)

    if opt:
        confirm = typer.confirm("Voulez-vous effectuer l'action ?")
        if not confirm:
            typer.echo("Annulation de l'action.")
            raise typer.Abort()

@app.command()
def command_txt():
    main(param="txt", opt=False)

@app.command("command-png")
def command_png():
    main(param="png", opt=True)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Lancement sans prise en charge des commandes @app.command
    typer.run(main)
    # Lancement avec prise en charge des commandes @app.command
    app()

python main.py --help
python main.py --opt param
python main.py command-txt

import typer

def main():
    world = typer.style("world", bold=True, fg=typer.colors.RED, bg=typer.colors.BLUE)
    typer.echo(f"hello {world}")

    typer.secho(f"hello world", bold=True)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    typer.run(main)

import time
import typer

def main():
    steps = range(100)
    with typer.progressbar(steps) as progress:
        for step in progress:
            time.sleep(0.05)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    typer.run(main)

from tinydb import TinyDB, Query, where

db = TinyDB("data.json", indent=4)

# Sélections
User = Query()
db.get(User.name == "John") # unique
db.search(User.age < 18) # multiple
db.search(where("name") == "John")

db.contains(User.name == "John")
db.count(User.age < 18)
db.all() # sélectionne tout
len(db)

# Opérations logiques
db.search(~ (User.name == "John"))
db.search((User.name == "John") & (User.age < 18))
db.search((User.name == "John") | (User.name == "Jane"))

# Insertions
db.insert({"name": "John", "age": 25})
db.insert_multiple([
    {"name": "Jane", "age": 30}
    {"name": "Jean", "age": 16}
    {"name": "Jeanne", "age": 16}
])

# Mises à jour
db.update({"age": 26}, where("name") == "John")
db.update({"roles": ["guest"]}) # update all entries
db.update({"roles": ["admin"]}, where("name") == "John")

db.upsert({"name": "Jay", "age": 42, "roles": ["user"]},  where("name") == "Jay")

# Suppression
db.remove(where("name") == "Jay")

db.truncate() # supprime tout

# Créer plusieurs tables
users = db.table("Users")
roles = db.table("Roles")

users.insert_multiple([
    {"name": "Jean", "age": 16}
    {"name": "Jeanne", "age": 16}
])
roles.insert_multiple([
    {"name": "admin"}
    {"name": "user"}
    {"name": "guest"}
])

import psycopg

with psycopg.connect("dbname=test user=postgres") as conn:
    with conn.cursor() as cur:

        # Création d'une table
        cur.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE test (
                id serial PRIMARY KEY,
                num integer,
                data text)
            """)

        # Insertions
        cur.execute(
            "INSERT INTO test (num, data) VALUES (%s, %s)",
            (100, "abc'def"))

        # Sélections
        cur.execute("SELECT * FROM test")

        cur.fetchone() # (1, 100, "abc'def")
        cur.fetchmany()
        cur.fetchall()

        for record in cur:
            print(record)

        conn.commit()

import requests

response = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/user", auth=("user", "pass"))

response.status_code # 200
response.headers["content-type"] # 'application/json; charset=utf8'
response.encoding # 'utf-8'
response.text # '{"type":"User"...'
response.json() # {'private_gists': 419, 'total_private_repos': 77, ...}

import requests

with requests.Session() as session:
    try:
        response = session.get("https://books.toscrape.com/")
        response.raise_for_status()
    except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
        logging.error(f"Error on get {url}: {e}")

    response.text

from livereload import Server

server = Server()
server.watch("dir", function)
server.watch("dir/*.md", "shell command")
server.serve(root="public")

from markdown import Markdown

# Initialisation du parser en activant des extensions
md = Markdown(extensions=["meta", "toc", "codehilite"])

# Conversion d'une chaîne de caractères
html = md.convert("#Hello World\n\nMy first paragraphe.")
"""html=
    <h1>Hello World</h1>
    <p>My first paragraphe.</p>
"""

# Conversion d'un fichier
md.convertFile("input.md", "output.html")

import frontmatter

post = frontmatter.load("input.md")
post.content    # or post
post.metadata   # or post['title']

metadata, content = frontmatter.parse(file.read())
metadata['title']

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# Traiter une chaîne de caractères
soup = BeautifulSoup("<html>data</html>")

# Traiter un fichier
with open("index.html") as file:
    soup = BeautifulSoup(file, "html.parser")  # or "html5lib"

# Afficher l'arbre
soup.prettify()

# Extraire des objets
soup.title
soup.p
soup.p.name
soup.p.string
soup.p["class"]
soup.p.get("class")

# Extraire les textes
soup.get_text()

# Rechercher des objets
soup.find("h1")
soup.find_all("a", title=True, class_="class")

# Rechercher des objets avec un sélecteur CSS
soup.selectone("h1")
soup.select("a[title].class")

import feedparser

feedUrl = "http://feedparser.org/docs/examples/atom10.xml"
data = feedparser.parse(feedUrl)

# Deux notations : data["feed"] ou data.feed
title = data["feed"]["title"]
for entry in data.entries:
    print(f"{entry.title}: {entry.link}")

import qrcode
from qrcode.image.pure import PyPNGImage
from qrcode.image.svg import SvgPathImage

# format PNG
img = qrcode.make("Some data", image_factory=PyPNGImage)
img.save("file.png")

# format SVG
img = qrcode.make("Some data", image_factory=SvgPathImage)
img.to_string(encoding="unicode")

import pydenticon

generator = pydenticon.Generator(5, 5)

# format PNG
identicon_png = generator.generate("email@example.com", 200, 200, output_format="png")

# format ASCII
identicon_ascii = generator.generate("email@example.com", 200, 200, output_format="ascii")

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageEnhance, ImageOps, ImageFont
import piexif

im = Image.open("image.png")

# conversion (couche alpha)
im1 = im.convert("RGB")
im2 = Image.new("RGB", im.size, color="red")
im2.paste(im, im)
compare(im, im1, im2)

im2.save("image-red.jpg")

# transposition, rotation
im1 = im.transpose(Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
im2 = im.rotate(45, fillcolor="green", expand=True)
compare(im, im1, im2)

# noir et blanc
couches = im.split()
im1 = im.convert("L")
compare(*couches, im1)

# saturation, contrast, netteté, luminosité
images = []
for i in range(5, 21, 5):
    im_filtre = ImageEnhance.Color(im).enhance(i / 10)
    im_filtre = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im).enhance(i / 10)
    im_filtre = ImageEnhance.Sharpness(im).enhance(i / 10)
    im_filtre = ImageEnhance.Brightness(im).enhance(i / 10)
    images.append(im_filtre)
compare(*images)

# filtre sépia
im1 = im.convert("L")
im2 = ImageOps.colorize(im1, (132, 84, 129), (240, 176, 113))
im3 = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im2).enhance(3)
im4 = ImageEnhance.Color(im3).enhance(0.5)
compare(im, im1, im2, im3, im4)

# filtre dégradé
gradient = Image.open("gradient.png")
gradient = gradient.resize(im.size)
images = []
for i in range(1, 5):
    im_filtre = Image.blend(im, gradient, i / 10)
    images.append(im_filtre)
compare(*images)

# redimensionnement
facteur = 3
taille = (round(im.size[0] / facteur)), (round(im.size[1] / facteur))
im.resize(taille).show()

# vignettage (ratio conservé, métadonnées supprimées)
im.thumbnail((300, 300))
im.show()

# affichage d'un logo et d'un filigrane
logo = Image.open("logo.png")
font_path = "roboto.ttf"
copyright_logo(im, logo, "hd", 20)
copyright_watermark(im, "nora.nckm.eu", font_path, 0.3, 30)

# métadonnées
exif_dict = piexif.load(im.info["exif"])
exif_dict = piexif.load("image.png")
exif_dict["0th"][272] = "Canon 5D"
exif_bytes = piexif.dump(exif_dict)
im.save("image.png", exif_bytes=exif_bytes)

def compare(*args):
    largeur, hauteur = zip(*(i.size for i in args))

    largeur_totale = sum(largeur)
    hauteur_maximale = max(hauteur)

    image_composite = Image.new("RGB", (largeur_totale, hauteur_maximale))

    offset_x = 0
    for im in args:
        image_composite.paste(im, (offset_x, 0))
        offset_x += im.size[0]

    image_composite.show()

def copyright_logo(image, logo, position, marge):
    largeur, hauteur = image.size
    logo_largeur, logo_hauteur = logo.size
    coord = {"hg": (0 + marge, 0 + marge),
            "bg": (0 + marge, hauteur - marge - logo_hauteur),
            "hd": (largeur -  marge - logo_largeur, 0 + marge),
            "bd": (largeur -  marge - logo_largeur, hauteur - marge - logo_hauteur)}

    image = image.convert("RGBA")
    logo = logo.convert("RGBA")

    image.paste(logo, coord[position], logo)
    image.show()

def copyright_watermark(image, texte, font_path, opacity=1.0, rotation=30):
    image = image.convert("RGBA")
    texte_image = Image.new("RGBA", image.size, (255,255,255,0))

    font_size = 1
    font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, font_size)
    while font.getsize(texte)[0] < image.size[0]:
        font_size += 1
        font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, font_size)

    texte_height = font.getsize(texte)[1]
    pos = (0, (image.size[1] / 2) - texte_height / 2)

    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(texte_image)
    draw.text(pos, texte, fill=(255, 255, 255, round(opacity * 255)), font=font)

    texte_image = texte_image.rotate(rotation)

    Image.alpha_composite(image, texte_image).show()

import pandas as pd

# Lecture d'un fichier
df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")

# Analyse du dataframe
df.head(10) # premières lignes
df.tail(10) # dernières lignes
df.shape # nombre de lignes et colonnes
df.dtypes # type des colonnes
df.columns # colonnes; liste avec tolist()
df.index # index des lignes (numéros de lignes)
df.set_index("email") # modifier l'index (colonne "email")

# Sélection de données
df["email"]
df.email
df[10:20] # lignes avec une position entre 10 et 19
df.loc[10:20] # lignes avec un index entre 10 et 20

df_email = df.set_index("email")
df_email.loc['john@example.com']
df_email.loc['john@example.com'].values
df_email.loc['john@example.com', 'jane@example.com']

# Filtrage de données
df.gender == "Male" # Series
df[df.gender == "Male"] # Dataframe
df[df.country.isin(("France", "Canada"))]
df[df.price_paid >= 5]
df[df.duration.str.contains("min")].duration.str.replace(" min", "")

# Suppression de colonnes
del df["ip_address"]
df.drop("ip_address", axis=1, inplace=True)
df.drop(["first_name", "last_name"], axis=1, inplace=True)
df.set_index("gender", inplace=True)
df.drop("Male", axis=0, inplace=True)

# Création et modification de colonnes
df.price_paid = df.price_paid.apply(lambda x: x.replace("$", ""))
df.price_paid = df.price_paid.astype(float)
df["price_total"] = df["price_paid"] * (1 - df["tax"] / 100)

countries = {"United States": "US", "France": "FR", "Canada": "CA"}
df["country_code"] = df["country"].map(countries)

# Valeurs manquantes
df.isnull()
df.notnull()
df[df.tax.notnull()]
df.tax.fillna(0)
df.tax.fillna(method='bfill')
df.tax.dropna()
df.dropna(subset=["tax"])

# Analyse des données
df.describe()
df.price_paid.describe()
df.price_paid.mean()
df.price_paid.sum()
df.price_paid.min()
df.price_paid.max()
df.price_paid.map(int)
df.country.unique()
df.country.value_counts()
df.country.value_counts(normalize=True))
df.country.value_counts().sort_index(ascending=False)

df.groupby("country").mean()
df.groupby("gender")["price_total"].mean()
df.groupby(["gender", "country"]).mean()

# Graphiques avec matplotlib
df.groupby("country")["price_total"].sum().plot(figsize=[20, 10])
df.groupby("country")["price_paid"].sum().plot.bar(rot=45, legend=True)
df.groupby("country")["price_paid"].sum().plot.pie(legend=True)

<!-- cart.html -->
<form action="{% url 'store:checkout-create-session' %}" method="POST">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <button type="submit">Procéder au paiement</button>
</form>

path('cart/checkout/create-session/', checkout_create_session, name='checkout-create-session'),
path('cart/checkout/success/', checkout_success, name='checkout-success'),
path('stripe-webhook/', stripe_webhook, name='stripe-webhook'),

import stripe
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, redirect
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from accounts.models import Shopper
from website import settings

def checkout_create_session(request):
    cart = request.user.cart
    line_items = [{
        "price_data": {
            "currency": "EUR",
            "unit_amount": int(order.product.price * 100),
            "product_data": {
                "name": order.product.name,
                "images": [request.build_absolute_uri(order.product.thumbnail.url)],
            }
        },
        "quantity": order.quantity,
    } for order in cart.orders.all()]

    checkout_data = {
        "line_items": line_items,
        "mode": 'payment',
        "payment_method_types": ['card'],
        "shipping_address_collection": {"allowed_countries": ["FR", "BE", "CH"]},
        "success_url": request.build_absolute_uri(reverse("store:checkout-success")),
        "cancel_url": request.build_absolute_uri(reverse("store:cart")),
    }

    if request.user.stripe_id:
        checkout_data["customer"] = request.user.stripe_id
    else:
        checkout_data["customer_email"] = request.user.email

    stripe.api_key = settings.STRIPE_API_KEY
    checkout_session = stripe.checkout.Session.create(**checkout_data)

    return redirect(checkout_session.url, code=303)

def checkout_success(request):
    return render(request, "store/success.html")

@csrf_exempt
def stripe_webhook(request):
    payload = request.body
    sig_header = request.META['HTTP_STRIPE_SIGNATURE']
    endpoint_secret = settings.STRIPE_WEBHOOK_KEY
    event = None

    try:
        event = stripe.Webhook.construct_event(
            payload, sig_header, endpoint_secret
        )
    except ValueError as e:
        return HttpResponse("Invalid payload", status=400)
    except stripe.error.SignatureVerificationError as e:
        return HttpResponse("Invalid signature", status=400)

    if event['type'] == 'checkout.session.completed':
        session = event['data']['object']

        try:
            user = get_object_or_404(Shopper, email=session['customer_details']['email'])
        except KeyError:
            return HttpResponse("Invalid user email", status=400)

        user.stripe_id = session['customer']
        user.cart.delete()
        user.save()

    return HttpResponse(status=200)